Introduction的写作要点
Introduction是整篇论文的开端，是引导读者理解研究背景、问题、目的和方法的关键部分。
- 背景（Background）：在引言的开头，介绍研究领域的背景，突出该领域的重要性。阐明当前领域中的知识空白、争议或需要解决的问题。背景的范围取决于研究主题和读者。如果研究的主题是一个具体的问题，那么就要求读者有着较高的水平（知识)，那就可以一笔带过。如果研究的问题是指导性的或者社会性的，那么从更一般的背景知识开始介绍。此外，背景有很多个，介绍最一般性的那个背景，或者说公众最容易接受的背景，而不是具体的细节或者领域名词。
- 研究问题和目的（Research Issues and Objectives）：描述希望解决的问题，并阐述研究目的。确保研究问题是明确的、有针对性的，并能够为该领域做出贡献。
- 文献综述（Literature Review）：简要回顾与研究相关的文献，强调前人研究的重要发现和不足之处。通过文献综述，突出研究是如何与已有研究相连接的。这里的文献综述是一个范的描述。主要有三个目的：认可同行这方面的工作；把整个领域的方法做个大框架，明确自己的定位；表明自己与同行的区别。有三种原则：时间顺序（政策等描述）、方法分组（例如基于迭代、基于优化）、一般到具体（例如FGSM和I-FGSM）
- 研究方法（Research Methods）：简要介绍研究设计、实验方法或数据收集方法。确保读者能够理解研究是如何进行的，以及选择这些方法的理由。
- 重要性和贡献（Significance and Contributions）：强调研究对该领域的重要性，并明确指出研究可能为学术界和实际应用带来的贡献。通常一段加几个小点。
- 结构概述（Outline of the Paper）：总结整个论文的结构，以引导读者了解接下来的内容。
语法的注意事项
1. 时态
一般现在时/现在进行时
过去时/现在完成时：一般用于描述过去的工作。little attention has been paid to…表示到目前为止还是没有被关注
2. 句子连接
-
重复（the apple）
-
代词（it,they）
-
抽象形式（this method，the system, these elements）
-
which
-
连接词
2.1 原因
| 连接词/短语 | 解释 |
|---|---|
| due to | 表示某事是由于某个原因或原因。 |
| on account of | 表示因为某个原因或原因而发生的事情。 |
| in view of | 表示基于某种考虑，通常引导进一步解释或行动。 |
| as | 用于引导原因或解释，表达由于某个原因而发生的情况 |
| because | 表示直接原因，引导表明某事发生的原因。 |
| since | 表示自从某个时间点以来一直持续的原因或结果。 |
2.2 结果
| 连接词/短语 | 解释 |
|---|---|
| therefore | 由于前述原因，因此得出的逻辑结论。 |
| consequently | 作为先前情况或原因的直接结果。 |
| hence | 由于某个原因，因此产生了特定的结果。 |
| as a result | 由于之前提到的原因，发生了某个结果。 |
| which is why | 解释前述原因，为什么会出现某个结果。 |
| so | 表示前述情况的结果，常用于简洁地表达因果关系。 |
2.3 对比/转折
| 连接词/短语 | 解释 |
|---|---|
| however | 表示与前述观点或情况相对立的转折关系。 |
| whereas | 引导对比关系，强调两者之间的差异。 |
| but | 表示转折或对比，连接两个相对立的观点或情况。 |
| on the other hand | 表示对前述观点的反驳或对比，引入另一方面的情况。 |
| while | 引导对比，表达两个相对独立的观点或情况。 |
| by contrast | 用于强调对比，指出两个相对立的事物之间的显著差异。 |
2.4 未预期的
| 连接词/短语 | 解释 |
|---|---|
| Although | 引导让步状语从句，表示尽管有某种情况，但另一情况仍成立。（困难） |
| Even though | 与 “although” 相似，表示尽管即使。（困难） |
| Though | 与 “although” 类似，引导让步状语从句。（困难） |
| Despite | 表示尽管存在某种情况，但另一方面情况仍然成立。（困难名词） |
| In spite of | 与 “despite” 类似，表示尽管。（困难名词） |
| Regardless of | 表示不论，不管某种情况，其他情况仍然成立。（困难名词） |
| Notwithstanding | 用于引出让步状语从句，表示尽管。（困难名词） |
| Nevertheless | 表示尽管如此，但还是引入一个相反的观点。（结果） |
| However | 表示与前述观点或情况相对立的转折关系。（结果） |
| Yet | 用于引导让步状语从句，表示与前述情况相反。（结果） |
| Nonetheless | 表示尽管如此，引入一个相反的观点。（结果） |
| Even so | 表示即使如此，仍然引入对比或转折关系。（结果） |
Although it is difficult, we found the solution.
In spite of the difficulty, we found the solution.
It is difficult;Nevertheless we found the solution.
2.5 此外/更进一步
| 连接词/短语 | 解释 |
|---|---|
| In addition | 用于引入额外的信息，使句子更加丰富。 |
| Moreover | 表示引入更多的信息，强调前述观点之外的其他方面。 |
| Furthermore | 用于引出进一步的信息，强调前述观点的延伸。 |
| Apart from that/which | 表示除了前述之外，还有其他事实或观点。 |
| Also | 与 “in addition” 类似，用于表达额外的事实或观点。 |
| Secondly (etc.) | 用于列举一系列信息，表示第二点、第三点等。 |
| In the second place (etc.) | 与 “secondly” 相似，用于列举信息中的第二点、第三点等。 |
| What is more | 用于引入额外的信息，强调前述观点之外的其他方面。 |
3. 主被动问题
3.1 主动
在学术写作中，特别是在科学论文中，建议避免过多使用第一人称代词（如"I"和 “we”），以保持客观性和学术严谨性。然而，这并不意味着绝对不能使用第一人称代词，而是要根据具体情况来决定何时使用。
当研究是由一个研究团队或小组共同完成时，使用 “we” 是合适的。这有助于突出合作性质，并传达研究工作是集体努力的结果。
- 例如： “In this study, we conducted experiments to investigate …”
平时的报告基本都是一个人单独完成的，因此会说不要用 “we”。这适用于那些个人研究、实验或观点的情况。
- 例如： “In my analysis, I found that …”
此外，当描述一些被广泛接受的、公认的知识时，可以使用 “It is known/thought that …”。
- 例如： “It is known that the Earth orbits the Sun.”
3.2 形式主语
- This article / This paper / This section …
3.3 被动
- As shown in Fig.1, …
单词和例句
1. 背景
| 词组 | 词组 |
|---|---|
| (a) basic issue | economically important |
| (a) central problem | (has) focused (on) |
| (a) challenging area | for a number of years |
| (a) classic feature | for many years |
| (a) common issue | frequent(ly) |
| (a) considerable number | generally |
| (a) crucial issue | (has been) extensively studied |
| (a) current problem | importance/important |
| (a) dramatic increase | many |
| (an) essential element | most |
| (a) fundamental issue | much study in recent years |
| (a) growth in popularity | nowadays |
| (an) increasing number | numerous investigations |
| (an) interesting field | of great concern |
| (a) key technique | of growing interest |
| (a) leading cause (of) | often |
| (a) major issue | one of the best-known |
| (a) popular method | over the past ten years |
| (a) powerful tool/method | play a key role (in) |
| (a) profitable technology | play a major part (in) |
| (a) range (of) | possible benefits |
| (a) rapid rise | potential applications |
| (a) remarkable variety | recent decades |
| (a) significant increase | recent(ly) |
| (a) striking feature | today |
| (a) useful method | traditional(ly) |
| (a) vital aspect | typical(ly) |
| (a) worthwhile study | usually |
| (an) advantage | well-documented |
| attracted much attention | well-known |
| benefit/beneficial | widely recognised |
| commercial interest | widespread |
| during the past two decades | worthwhile |
- Numerous experiments have established that …
- … have generated considerable recent research interest.
- Analysis of change in the … is vital for two important reasons: …
- It is generally accepted that …
- Privacy are attracting widespread interest in fields such as …
- The importance of … has been demonstrated by …
- … play an important role in the development of …
- Much research in recent years has focused on …
2. 介绍文献综述常用动词
| 动词 | 动词 | 动词 |
|---|---|---|
| achieve | adopt | address |
| analyze | apply | argue |
| assume | attempt | calculate |
| categorize | carry out | choose |
| claim | classify | collect |
| compare | concentrate (on) | conclude |
| conduct | confirm | consider |
| construct | correlate | deal with |
| debate | define | demonstrate |
| describe | design | detect |
| determine | develop | discover |
| discuss | enhance | establish |
| estimate | evaluate | examine |
| explain | explore | extend |
| find | focus on | formulate |
| generate | identify | illustrate |
| implement | imply | improve |
| incorporate | indicate | interpret |
| introduce | investigate | measure |
| model | monitor | note |
| observe | obtain | overcome |
| perform | point out | prefer |
| predict | present | produce |
| propose | prove | provide |
| publish | put forward | realize |
| recognize | recommend | record |
| report | request | require |
| research | resolve | revise |
| review | show | simulate |
| solve | state | study |
| suggest | support | test |
| undertake | use | utilize |
3. 文献综述中提出文献问题的词语
- 单个描述
| 词语 | 词语 |
|---|---|
| ambiguous | computationally demanding |
| confused | deficient |
| doubtful | expensive |
| false | far from perfect |
| ill-defined | impractical |
| improbable | inaccurate |
| inadequate | incapable (of) |
| incompatible (with) | incomplete |
| inconclusive | inconsistent |
| inconvenient | incorrect |
| (the) absence of | (an) alternative approach |
| (a) challenge | (a) defect |
| (a) difficulty | (a) disadvantage |
| (a) drawback | (an) error |
| (a) flaw | (a) gap in our knowledge |
| (a) lack | (a) limitation |
| (a) need for clarification | (the) next step |
| no correlation (between) | (an) obstacle |
| (a) problem | (a) risk |
| (a) weakness | ineffective |
| inefficient | inferior |
| inflexible | insufficient |
| meaningless | misleading |
| non-existent | not addressed |
| not apparent | not dealt with |
| not repeatable | not studied |
| not sufficiently + adjective | not well understood |
| not/no longer useful | of little value |
| over-simplistic | poor |
| problematic | questionable |
| redundant | restricted |
| time-consuming | unanswered |
| uncertain | unclear |
| uneconomic | unfounded |
| unlikely | unnecessary |
| unproven | unrealistic |
| unresolved | unsatisfactory |
| unsolved | unsuccessful |
| unsupported | (to be) confined to |
| (to) demand clarification | (to) disagree |
| (to) fail to | (to) fall short of |
| (to) miscalculate | (to) misjudge |
| (to) misunderstand | (to) need to re-examine |
| (to) neglect | (to) overlook |
| (to) remain unstudied | (to) require clarification |
| (to) suffer (from) |
- 总体描述
| 表达 | 解释 |
|---|---|
| Few studies have… | 很少有研究… |
| It is necessary to… | 有必要… |
| Little evidence is available | 缺乏证据… |
| Little work has been done | 进行的工作很少… |
| More work is needed | 需要进行更多的工作… |
| There is growing concern | 日益关注… |
| There is an urgent need… | 急需… |
| This is not the case | 情况并非如此… |
| Unfortunately | 不幸的是… |
- Few researchers have addressed the problem of…
- There remains a need for an efficient method that can…
- The high absorbance makes this an impractical option in cases where…
- Unfortunately, these methods do not always guarantee…
- An alternative approach is necessary.
- The function of these proteins remains unclear.
- Although this approach improves performance, it results in an unacceptable number of…
- Previous work has focused only on…
- However, the experimental configuration was far from optimal.
4.本文的工作目的/方法/结论
- 目的
| 单词 | 搭配 | 搭配 |
|---|---|---|
| aim | Our aim is to do … | The primary aim of … is … |
| goal | Our overarching goal is … | The ultimate goal of … is … |
| intention | With the intention of improving …, we … | The initial intention of … is … |
| objective | Our specific objectives include … | The main objective of … is … |
| purpose | Our overarching purpose is to understand … | The specific purpose of … is … |
- 修饰
| 常用修饰词 | 解析 |
|---|---|
| able to | 能够（表示能力或可能性） |
| accurate(ly) | 准确的 |
| effective(ly) | 有效的 |
| excellent results | 出色的结果 |
| innovation | 创新 |
| new | 新的 |
| novel method | 新颖的方法 |
| powerful | 强大的 |
| practical | 实用的 |
| simple | 简单的 |
| straightforward | 直接的（搭配easy to follow） |
| successful | 成功的 |
| valuable | 有价值的 |
- 代词
| 常用代词 | 解析 |
|---|---|
| (our) approach | 我们的方法 |
| (the) present work | 当前的工作 |
| (this) paper | 本文 |
| (this) project | 本项目 |
| (this) report | 本报告 |
| (this) section | 本节 |
| (this) study | 本研究 |
| (this) work | 本工作 |
| begin by/with | 以…开始（用于开篇句） |
| close attention is paid to | 强调对…的关注 |
| here | 在这里（用于指代本文的内容） |
| overview | 概述、总览 |
- 动词
| 常用动词 | 解析 |
|---|---|
| (to) attempt | 尝试 |
| (to) compare | 比较 |
| (to) concentrate | 集中（注意力、精力等） |
| (on) | 在…上（用于与 “concentrate” 搭配） |
| (to) conclude | 得出结论 |
| (to) describe | 描述 |
| (to) discuss | 讨论 |
| (to) enable | 使能够（提供可能性或机会） |
| (to) evaluate | 评估 |
| (to) expect | 期望（预期发生） |
| (to) facilitate | 促进、使便利 |
| (to) illustrate | 举例说明 |
| (to) improve | 改进 |
| (to) manage to | 设法、成功地 |
| (to) minimise | 最小化 |
| (to) offer | 提供 |
| (to) outline | 概述 |
| (to) predict | 预测 |
| (to) present | 展示、呈现 |
| (to) propose | 提出建议、提议 |
| (to) provide | 提供 |
| (to) reveal | 揭示、展示 |
| (to) succeed | 成功 |
- This paper focuses on/introduces…
- The purpose of this study is to describe and examine…
- In order to …, we…
- In this paper, we present/performed…
- The approach we have used in this study aims to…
5. 结构概述常用词
- Section （节）
- Chapter （章）
- discuss 讨论 （一般用于Experiment）
- compare 对比 （一般用于Related Work）
- analyze 分析 （一般用于Experiment）
- describe 描述 （一般用于Method）
- This paper is organized as follows:…
- (is) set out as follows:
- (is/are) presented in detail
